Lighting transcends mere utility to become a work of art, capable of sculpting space, revealing textures and creating unique atmospheres. Lighting design is this subtle alchemy between technique and aesthetics, where each beam of light becomes a brush that draws the soul of an interior.

Fromaccent lighting, which enhances a work of art or architecture, to the enveloping softness of indirect light, to functional solutions that combine practicality and elegance, mastering these principles can transform a space into a sensory experience. From technological innovations to timeless trends, discover how to play with light and shadow to create spaces that are harmonious, comfortable and spectacular.

Lighting design is much more than a simple lighting technique: it’s an art form in its own right, transforming spaces into veritable sensory experiences. Whether it’s to enhance architecture, create a unique ambiance or optimize visual comfort, mastering the principles of lighting design gives every room a soul. This article explores the fundamentals of this discipline, from essential techniques such as accent, indirect and functional lighting, to the contemporary trends that are redefining our interiors. Discover how to play with light to transform your space into a haven of elegance and well-being.

What is lighting design?

Lighting design is a discipline that combines technique and creativity to create lighting systems that meet specific needs, whether functional, aesthetic or emotional. Contrary to a basic approach in which light serves only to illuminate, lighting design considers each light source as a compositional element, capable of structuring a space, guiding the eye and evoking sensations.

This practice is based on a detailed understanding of the physics of light (intensity, color temperature, diffusion) and its interaction with materials and volumes. A good lighting designer knows how grazing light can reveal the texture of a stone wall, how warm lighting can create an intimate atmosphere, or how a designer pendant can become the focal point of a room. The goal? To harmonize the utilitarian and the aesthetic, so that every space tells a story.

The fundamentals of lighting design

Balancing light and shadow

Successful lighting does more than simply flood a space with light. It relies on a subtle balance between lighted areas and shadows, which creates relief and depth. Shadows, often perceived as enemies to be avoided, are in fact allies: they emphasize shapes, create mystery and avoid a feeling of flatness. In a living room, for example, soft light directed at a textured wall will produce shadows that reveal its details, while overly uniform lighting will erase its character.

To master this balance, it’s essential to superimpose light sources: combine general lighting (ceiling, pendant) with accent lighting (floor lamps, sconces) and spotlights. This stratification allows you to modulate contrasts and adapt the ambience to different times of day or activities.

Color temperature and its emotional impact

Color temperature, measured in Kelvin (K), plays a key role in the ambience of a space. Warm light (between 2,000 K and 3,000 K) evokes conviviality and comfort, ideal for lounges, bedrooms or restaurants. Conversely, a cool light (over 4,000 K) stimulates concentration and is often used in kitchens, offices or bathrooms for its natural light-like rendering.

The choice of temperature also depends on the materials and colors in the room. A warm light will enhance earthy tones or natural woods, while a cool light will enhance metallic surfaces or bright colors. Designers often recommend using different temperatures in the same space to create distinct mood zones – for example, a warm light in a reading corner and a neutral light above a worktop.

The importance of diffusion and materials

The way in which light is diffused has a direct influence on its rendering and visual comfort. A bare light source, such as an exposed filament bulb, creates sharp contrasts and can dazzle. Conversely, a diffuser (frosted glass, fabric or paper) softens the light and distributes it evenly. Luminaires byAtelier Jean Perzel, for example, use sandblasted glass or adjustable covers for controlled diffusion, avoiding any aggression to the eyes.

Luminaire materials also play an important role, both aesthetically and functionally. Brass or copper add a touch of luxury and reflect light with warmth, while glass (blown, etched or colored) can create unique visual effects. Matte or glossy finishes also modify perception: a matte surface partially absorbs light for a soft rendering, while a glossy surface reflects it for a more dynamic effect.

Key lighting design techniques

Accent lighting: sculpting the light

Accent lighting, or directional lighting, is a technique for highlighting a specific element – a work of art, a sculpture, an architectural detail – by distracting it from the rest of the space. The principle? Create a contrast between the illuminated area and its surroundings to draw the eye and add drama.

To achieve this effect, several parameters need to be considered:

• The choice of luminaire: opt for adjustable spotlights, spotlights or wall lights with swivel heads to direct the light precisely. Models with adjustable covers, such as some Atelier Jean Perzel designs, let you control the angle and intensity of the beam.
• Angle of incidence: low-angled light (from below or from the side) accentuates textures and reliefs, while frontal lighting softens contrasts. Experiment to find the angle that best enhances the object or surface.
• Light intensity: sufficient to create a visual impact, but not so excessive as to dazzle. Dimmers are ideal for adjusting power as needed.

This technique is particularly effective in art galleries, museums or contemporary interiors where you want to highlight masterpieces. It can also be used to illuminate an exposed stone wall, a bookcase or even a piece of designer furniture, adding an artistic dimension to the space.

Indirect lighting: an enveloping softness

Unlike direct lighting, which projects light towards a specific point,indirect lighting diffuses a soft, even luminosity by reflecting light off walls, ceilings or floors. This approach eliminates harsh shadows and distracting reflections, creating a soothing, sophisticated ambience.

There are several ways to achieve this effect:

• Reflective wall or ceiling lights: they direct light onto a surface (wall, ceiling) which then reflects it back into the room. Wall lights with upward-opening shades or LED strips concealed behind a cornice are classic examples.
• Wide-diffusion suspensions: some suspensions, such as those made of frosted glass or washi paper, disperse light in all directions for soft, even illumination.
• Floor or furniture lighting: recessed spotlights in the floor or under a piece of furniture (such as a sideboard or shelf) project light upwards, indirectly illuminating the walls.

Indirect lighting is particularly suited to bedrooms, living rooms or relaxation areas, where a cocooning atmosphere is desired. It’s also ideal for rooms with low ceilings, as it gives an impression of space by illuminating vertical surfaces. For optimum effect, combine it with reflective materials such as mirrors, lacquered surfaces or brushed metals, which amplify luminosity without dazzling.

Functional lighting: combining utility and aesthetics

Task lighting, or functional lighting, meets a precise need: to provide light adapted to a specific activity, such as cooking, reading, working or applying make-up. Unlike ambient lighting, it must be precise, glare-free and powerful enough to avoid visual fatigue.

Here are a few application examples:

• In the kitchen: a pendant over the central island or spotlights under the wall units illuminate the worktop with a crisp, white light (4,000 K to 5,000 K). Models with adjustable heads, such as some of Atelier Jean Perzel’s pendant lights, allow you to adjust the direction of light as required.
• In the office: a desk lamp with articulated arm and swivel head (like model n°511 bis) provides targeted light for reading or writing. A neutral color temperature (3,500 K to 4,000 K) is ideal for maintaining concentration.
• In the bathroom: sconces on either side of the mirror (like model n°1252) provide uniform, shadow-free light for shaving or applying make-up. Avoid lights that are too warm, which distort color perception.

To ensure that functional lighting blends harmoniously with the decor, opt for fixtures with a clean, timeless design. Brass, ceramic or blown-glass finishes add a touch of elegance, while geometric lines suit all styles, from contemporary to classic.

Decorative lighting: when light becomes art

Decorative lighting transcends simple functionality to make light a stylistic element in its own right. Here, lighting is not just a tool, but a centerpiece that structures space and expresses personality. Spectacular pendant lights, sculptural wall sconces, organically shaped lamps: every room becomes an aesthetic statement.

Decorative lighting can be integrated brilliantly in a number of ways:

• Create a focal point: an imposing pendant over a dining table or a chandelier on a staircase immediately draws the eye and adds character to the room. Atelier Jean Perzel’s glass and brass models, with their clean lines and handcrafted finishes, are perfect for this purpose.
• Play with contrasts: combine fixtures in a variety of materials (raw metal and blown glass, ceramic and wood) to create a visual dynamic. For example, a polished brass sconce next to a matte ceramic lamp adds richness to the ensemble.
• Structuring space: arrange wall lights symmetrically in a corridor or around a mirror to guide the eye and balance proportions. Lighting fixtures can also delineate zones in an open space, such as a series of pendant lights above a bar or lounge area.

Decorative lighting is also an opportunity toexperiment with color. A brightly hued lamp (sapphire blue, emerald green) can become an accent piece in a neutral room, while a colored glass shade projects shimmering reflections on walls. The key is to choose pieces that resonate with the rest of the decor, while adding a touch of boldness.

Current trends in lighting design

The return of natural, handcrafted materials

In reaction to the standardization of industrial lighting fixtures, a strong trend is emerging: a return to natural materials and craftsmanship. Designers now prefer hand-blown glass, hand-turned ceramics, rattan or solid wood, which bring warmth and authenticity to interiors. These materials, often combined with raw or textured finishes, create unique plays of light and an organic atmosphere.

Luminaires in “brut de coulée” glass, such as some of Atelier Jean Perzel’s creations, perfectly illustrate this trend. Their apparent imperfections and variations in transparency diffuse a soft, lively light, far removed from the uniformity of mass-produced products. Similarly, lampshades made from washi paper or plant fibers filter light delicately, creating subdued, soothing atmospheres.

This approach is in line with a broader focus on sustainability: consumers are looking for unique pieces that are made to last, and that tell a story. Luminaires thus become objects of transmission, far beyond their primary function.

Modular and interactive luminaires

With the evolution of technology, luminaires are no longer static: they’re becoming modular, connected and interactive. Intelligent lighting systems, controllable via smartphone or voice assistant, can adjust the intensity, color temperature and even direction of light according to need. This flexibility is particularly appreciated in multifunctional spaces, such as open spaces or studios, where the same room needs to adapt to different uses.

Variable-geometry luminaires also appeal for their playfulness. Some models, such as pendant lights made up of magnetized modules or wall lights with articulated arms, give the user the freedom to reconfigure their shape to suit his or her whims. This trend responds to a growing desire for personalization andadaptability in our interiors.

Finally,interactivity takes on a new dimension with luminaires that react to movement or presence. Imagine a wall light that turns on automatically when you enter a room, or a pendant whose intensity adjusts according to natural light. These innovations, once reserved for public spaces, are now making their way into our homes, for optimized comfort.

Organic minimalism: less is more

Minimalism is still a safe bet in lighting design, but it’s evolving towards a more organic and sensorial approach. Gone are the rigid lines and cold geometric shapes: in their place are soft curves, nature-inspired silhouettes and materials that evoke the sense of touch. Lighting fixtures adopt fluid, asymmetrical shapes, such as blown-glass pendants with irregular contours or floor lamps with terracotta feet.

This trend is also characterized by a palette of neutral, natural colors: sandy beiges, moss greens, stone grays and deep blacks dominate, often enhanced by touches of brass or copper for a warm effect. The idea is to create pieces that blend harmoniously into the space without dominating it, while adding a discreet but marked presence.

The designers also play with transparencies and superimpositions for an airy effect. A fine glass suspension appears to float above a table, while an openwork metal wall light projects luminous patterns onto the walls. This organic minimalism responds to a need for elegant simplicity, where every detail is designed to bring serenity and beauty.

Sustainable and eco-responsible lighting

Ecological awareness is having a profound influence on lighting design, with a growing demand for sustainable, eco-designed and energy-efficient luminaires. Manufacturers now favor recycled or recyclable materials (glass, metal, paper) and production processes with low environmental impact. LED bulbs, already widely adopted for their long life and low power consumption, are now being integrated into ever more innovative designs.

Another major advance isupcycling: designers transform recycled objects and materials into unique lighting fixtures. For example, recycled glass bottles become hanging lights, scrap metal is assembled into wall sconces, and reclaimed wood circles make up chandeliers. In addition to being environmentally friendly, these pieces add a narrative dimension to the interior.

Last but not least, sustainability also involves manufacturing quality. Lighting fixtures designed to be repaired, with detachable and replaceable parts, are part of a circular economy. Brands like Atelier Jean Perzel, which have been perpetuating artisanal know-how for almost a century, embody this philosophy: to create timeless pieces, made to stand the test of time without ever losing their lustre.

How do you apply lighting design to your home?

Analyze the space and its needs

Before choosing lighting fixtures, it’s essential toanalyze the space and its uses. Ask yourself the following questions:

• What are the main activities in this room (resting, working, cooking, entertaining, etc.)?
• What are the highlights to highlight (a fireplace, a work of art, a library…)?
• What’s thedesired ambience? (cozy, dynamic, intimate, uncluttered…)
• What are the technical constraints (ceiling height, presence of windows, existing wiring, etc.)?

This analysis will enable you to define an appropriate lighting strategy. For example, a living room opening onto a kitchen will need modular lighting to delimit zones, while a bedroom will need soft, dimmable light to encourage relaxation. Don’t hesitate to draw a simple plan with the locations of lighting fixtures to visualize their impact.

Superimposing light sources

To avoid monotonous lighting, the golden rule is to superimpose at least three types of light source:

• General lighting: provides a uniform base of light (ceiling light, central suspension, recessed spotlights).
• Accent lighting: adds warmth and flexibility (floor lamps, table lamps, wall sconces).
• Accent lighting: highlights specific elements (directional spotlights, LED strips, furniture lighting).

This approach allows you to modulate the atmosphere to suit the moment. For example, in the evening, you can turn off the general lighting and keep only the accent lamps for an intimate atmosphere. And don’t forget to vary color temperatures: warm light for relaxation areas, neutral light for work zones.

Playing with contrasts and textures

Light interacts with the materials and colors of your interior. For a harmonious result, consider the following effects:

• Matt surfaces (untreated wood, concrete, fabric) partially absorb light and soften contrasts.
• Shiny surfaces (metal, mirror, polished glass) reflect light and amplify its diffusion.
• Lighter colors reflect light and visually enlarge the space, while darker colors absorb it and create a more intimate ambience.

To add depth, rely on contrasting textures: pair a blown-glass pendant (which diffuses soft light) with an exposed brick wall (which creates strong shadows). Similarly, a light fixture in brushed metal will bring an industrial touch to a rather minimalist interior, while a rattan shade will soften a room with overly geometric lines.

Integrating technology with discernment

Technological innovations offer infinite possibilities, but they must be integrated with subtlety and relevance. Here are a few ways to combine modernity and elegance:

• Dimmers and connected systems: these allow you to adjust intensity and color temperature according to the time of day. Opt for designer switches or discreet controls (such as minimalist remote controls) so as not to detract from the aesthetics of the room.
• LED strip lights: ideal for discreet accent lighting (under furniture, behind mirrors), they must be chosen with care. Choose models with a high color rendering index (CRI) to avoid cold, artificial tones.
• Solar or low-energy luminaires: for outdoor spaces or little-used rooms (such as a dressing room), they combine ecology and practicality.

The aim is to use technology to enhance comfort without sacrificing style. Well-thought-out, intelligent lighting must be invisible when switched off and sublime when switched on.

Daring to be bold, but measured

Lighting design is also a question of personality. Don’t hesitate to incorporate strong pieces that reflect your tastes, but do so with balance to avoid visual overload. Here are a few ideas to make your mark:

• A spectacular pendant above a dining table or on a staircase, like a blown glass model with organic shapes.
• A wall of light composed of asymmetrical sconces or directional spotlights highlighting an art collection.
• A vintage fixture or iconic design piece (such as a 1950s lamp) that becomes the focal point of the room.

To ensure that these elements blend in harmoniously, balance them with more discreet fixtures in the rest of the room. For example, if you opt for an imposing hanging lamp in the living room, choose sleek wall sconces and accent lamps with simple lines so as not to overwhelm the overall effect. Boldness should serve harmony, not disrupt it.

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All you need to know about lighting design: principles, techniques and trends

What is lighting design?

Lighting design is the art of creating ambiance through light. It’s a discipline that combines technique and aesthetics to transform a space by playing on the intensity, color, direction and quality of light. Whether for a residential interior, a commercial space or a public place, lighting design aims to sublimate architecture, enhance decorative elements and improve visual comfort.

What are the basic principles of lighting design?

The foundations of lighting design are based on three essential types of lighting:

• Ambient lighting: provides general, uniform light, creating a luminous base for the room.
• Accent lighting: highlights specific elements such as works of art, wall textures or architectural details.
• Functional (or task) lighting: designed for specific activities, such as reading, cooking or working.

A successful design combines all three types to balance aesthetics, functionality and ambience.

What are the most commonly used lighting techniques?

Several techniques allow you to play with light to create a variety of effects:

• Direct lighting: light is directed onto a specific object or surface for targeted illumination.
• Indirect lighting: light is reflected off walls or ceilings for a soft, enveloping effect.
• Low-angled lighting: positioned close to a surface, it creates strong shadows to reveal textures.
• Backlighting: light is placed behind an object to silhouette it and add mystery.
• Color schemes: use RGB LEDs or filters to create dynamic atmospheres.

Each technique can be adapted to suit the needs and style of the space.

How do you choose the right luminaire for each room?

The choice of a luminaire depends on its use and the desired ambience:

• For the living room: choose pendant or wall lamps for soft ambient lighting, complemented by accent lamps for reading areas.
• For the kitchen: opt for recessed spotlights or pendant lights above the island for effective functional lighting.
• For the bedroom: choose dimmable fixtures and indirect lighting for a relaxing ambience.
• For the office: a swivel desk lamp and dimmed general lighting reduce eyestrain.

Also consider materials (glass, metal, fabric) and finishes to harmonize the fixture with your decor.

What are the lighting design trends for 2024?

This year, several trends stand out:

• The return of natural materials: rattan, wood and ceramics make their way into fixtures for a warm, organic style.
• Sculptural shapes: pendant and wall lights become true works of art with bold, asymmetrical lines.
• Smart lighting: connected systems (such as smart LED bulbs) allow you to control intensity and color via an app.
• Sustainable lighting: eco-responsible, low-energy and recyclable luminaires are gaining in popularity.
• Contrasting textures: mix raw metal, blown glass and fabrics for rich visual effects.

These trends reflect a search for authenticity, personalization and respect for the environment.

How do you create a subdued ambience in a room?

For a soft, intimate atmosphere, here are a few tips:

• Use dimmers to adjust brightness according to the time of day.
• Choose lights with indirect lighting, such as wall sconces aimed at the ceiling, or lamps with fabric shades.
• Choose bulbs with warm color temperatures (between 2700K and 3000K) for soft, welcoming light.
• Multiply light sources (LED candles, garlands, accent lamps) for even diffusion without harsh shadows.

The idea is to superimpose lights to avoid sharp contrasts.

How important is color temperature in lighting design?

Color temperature, measured in Kelvin (K), has a profound influence on the ambience of a space:

• 2700K to 3000K: warm light, ideal for living rooms, bedrooms and restaurants (cosy atmosphere).
• 3500K to 4000K: neutral light, suitable for kitchens, offices and bathrooms (balance between warmth and brightness).
• 5000K and above: cool light, used in technical or commercial work areas (promotes concentration).

Choosing the right temperature allows you to adapt the light to the use of the room and the desired emotional effect.

How to integrate lighting into a minimalist decor?

In a streamlined interior, light plays a key role in emphasizing simplicity and clean lines. Here’s how to incorporate it:

• Choose lighting fixtures with discreet designs: slender pendant lights, recessed spotlights or minimalist wall sconces.
• Play with recessed lighting (in ceilings or furniture) for invisible but effective light.
• Use raw materials like brushed metal or frosted glass for fixtures that blend into the décor.
• Make the most of symmetry: aligned sconces or spotlights create a visual rhythm without overloading the space.

The aim is to maintain a clean aesthetic while ensuring functional, harmonious lighting.

What are the mistakes to avoid in lighting design?

A few common pitfalls can affect the light balance of a space:

• Neglecting layers of light: settling for just one type of lighting (for example, only a ceiling light) makes for a monotonous room.
• Choosing bulbs that are too powerful: too much light can dazzle and create an aggressive atmosphere.
• Forget functional lighting: in the kitchen or office, inappropriate lighting can make daily tasks uncomfortable.
• Ignore color temperature: mixing warm and cool lights in the same room can create visual disharmony.
• Overload with decorative fixtures: too many centerpieces can weigh down the space and distract the eye.

Good lighting design is all about balance and coherence.

How can light be used to visually enlarge a space?

Light is a powerful tool for creating an impression of space:

• Illuminate walls with sconces or LED strips to visually expand the room.
• Use indirect ceiling lighting to enhance ceiling height.
• Place mirrors strategically near light sources to reflect light and double the effect of space.
• Avoid harsh shadows on the floor by choosing fixtures that diffuse light evenly.
• Opt for light colors on walls and ceilings to maximize light reflection.

These techniques are particularly useful for small spaces or dark rooms.

What’s the difference between LED, halogen and energy-saving bulbs?

Each bulb technology has its advantages and disadvantages:

• LED:
  • Advantages: very energy-efficient, long life (up to 50,000 hours), low heat emission, variety of color temperatures.
  • Disadvantages: higher initial cost (but profitable in the long term).
• Advantages: very energy-efficient, long life (up to 50,000 hours), low heat emission, variety of color temperatures.
• Disadvantages: higher initial cost (but profitable in the long term).
• Halogen:
  • Advantages: warm, natural light, excellent color rendering, affordable price.
  • Disadvantages: high energy consumption, short life (approx. 2,000 hours), high heat discharge.
• Advantages: warm, natural light, excellent color rendering, affordable price.
• Disadvantages: high energy consumption, short life (approx. 2,000 hours), high heat discharge.
• Energy-saving bulbs (compact fluorescents):
  • Advantages: lower power consumption than halogen, long life (approx. 10,000 hours).
  • Disadvantages: heating time, sometimes less pleasant light, contains mercury (recycling mandatory).
• Advantages: lower power consumption than halogen, long life (approx. 10,000 hours).
• Disadvantages: heating time, sometimes less pleasant light, contains mercury (recycling mandatory).

Today, LEDs are widely recommended for their efficiency and durability.

How to combine lighting design and sustainable development?

Adopting an eco-responsible approach to lighting design is good for both the planet and your wallet:

• Choose LED bulbs, which consume up to 90% less energy than traditional bulbs.
• Choose sustainable fixtures made from recycled or recyclable materials (metal, glass, certified wood).
• Opt for intelligent systems (presence detectors, timers, dimmers) to avoid waste.
• Encourage natural light by optimizing window orientation and using reflective blinds.
• Recycle your old light bulbs and fixtures via dedicated channels (such as in-store collection points).

A sustainable approach to lighting design combines performance, aesthetics and respect for the environment.

Can you do lighting design yourself, or do you need a professional?

It all depends on the complexity of your project:

• For a simple project (lighting a room, choosing decorative fixtures): with a little research and a good understanding of the basic principles, it’s perfectly possible to do it yourself. Online tools (lighting simulators) can help.
• For a complex project (complete renovation, architectural lighting, home automation integration), we recommend calling in a lighting designer or specialized interior architect. These professionals are experts in lighting calculations, electrical standards and advanced visual effects.

In any case, don’t hesitate to ask for advice in a specialist store to narrow down your choices.